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-
- Introduction
- ------------
- GL's General Journal was specifically designed to resemble Chapter One of any
- good elementary accounting textbook. Most other GL's seem to be written for
- bookkeepers with years of experience, who can quickly make the mental leap to
- the weird accounting styles typically seen in low-budget PC software. But
- novices are left out in the cold.
-
- If you need a brief tutorial on bookkeeping, review the material at the
- beginning of the Chart of Accounts documentation. It's not a complete
- discussion, but it's better than nothing.
-
-
- Journal
- -------
- Your General Journal is a fundamental document, the daily record of your
- financial transactions. The rest of your bookkeeping system refers to the
- General Journal time and time again. Here are the ground rules:
-
- GL's "working metaphor" is the standard T-Account. You SEE these when you
- enter your data in the General Journal.
-
- That means, you enter data in a VISUAL journal in COLUMNS instead of using
- negative numbers. You will be shown a header, as it might appear in your
- General Ledger. You enter your transanction, and then you are shown a screen
- with the actual Journal entry as it will appear.
-
- Debit means left column. Credit means right column. Use the hyphen key
- (MINUS SIGN) to flip from the credit to the debit column on your General
- Journal worksheet, or vice-versa.
-
- NEGATIVE NUMBERS ARE NEVER ALLOWED on the worksheet. The effect of any entry
- on an account balance, whether it increases or decreases the balance, depends
- on the column in which you enter the transaction amount, and on the type of
- account. Therefore, if you are in the "wrong" column, hit the hyphen key.
-
- If your entry in a column would (normally) be meaningless or incorrect, you
- will get a message which suggests why you shouldn't do that. The first entry
- in a general journal is always a debit, you can't (usually) mix Assets and
- Equities, and so forth. However, GL doesn't PROHIBIT the action, it only lets
- you know that you're doing something unusual. Real blunders are not excused,
- though.
-
- The top line of each account section has a reminder, either "+│-" or "-│+",
- to jog your memory about which column increases the account balance and which
- decreases it. Reversing entries will generally have opposite reminders,
- except that an ASSET account (such as Cash) and an EXPENSE account will have
- the same reminder, i.e., "+│-". Think about it a bit, and you'll see why.
-
-
-
- Caveat!
- -------
- Not everything that is ALLOWED in double entry bookkeeping is APPROPRIATE in
- all circumstances.
-
- For example, while you certainly MAY, on occasion, credit an amount to an
- Expense account (the opposite of usual practice), the EFFECT of this is to
- state an INCREASE IN INCOME. If this is what you mean, well and good. But
- you may simply have made a mental error.
-
- GL version 1.12 provides several ways to help you avoid mistakes, but won't
- prohibit them. After all, once in a while, a "mistake" is exactly what you
- NEED to do. (For example, when entering beginning balances!)
-
- If your combination of accounts in a transaction would be especially odd or
- unusual, you will get a sudden "THIMK" message -- but the entry combination
- will be allowed.
-
- So... Books that balance may still be incorrect, which is why Accountants
- make big bucks, and Bookkeeping can be automated. GL's general journal can be
- very helpful in keeping your affairs straight, but only if you keep your head
- (while all about you....)
-
-
-
-
- Examples
- --------
- Some typical entries, assuming a simple Chart of Accounts, follow. Note that
- transactions are always entered beginning in the left (debit) column. This is
- the STRICT interpretation; most accounting programs don't insist on it, since
- it doesn't make any difference to the computer. However, this is the sort of
- thing that reassures auditors, so GL requires it: DEBIT YOUR FIRST ENTRY IN
- ALL TRANSACTIONS.
-
- These are just examples, not advice, and I don't pretend they are absolutely
- correct or the only way to do things:
-
- a) You receive cash from sales.
-
- Debit CASH (Asset)
- Credit SALES (Revenue).
-
- b) You buy office supplies and write a check.
-
- Debit OFFICE SUPPLIES (Expense)
- Credit CASH (Asset).
-
- c) You buy office supplies and charge it.
-
- Debit OFFICE SUPPLIES (Expense)
- Credit ACCOUNTS PAYABLE (Liability)
-
- d) You write a check to pay outstanding bills.
-
- Debit ACCOUNTS PAYABLE (Liability)
- Credit CASH (Asset)
-
- e) You sell something and your customer agrees to pay later.
-
- Debit ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE (Asset)
- Credit SALES (Revenue)
-
- f) You take $50 out of your own company's till, for your own use.
-
- Debit WITHDRAWALS (Equity)
- Credit CASH (Asset)
-
- g) You contribute $1,000 of your own money to your own company.
-
- Debit CASH (Asset)
- Credit CAPITAL (Equity)
-
- h) You sell programming services to a client, and they pay cash.
-
- Debit CASH (Asset)
- Credit CONSULTING FEES (Revenue)
-
- i) As part of the last transaction, you agreed to provide a Pascal
- compiler to your client, which you must purchase. The full story
- unfolds in stages.
-
- 1) You bought the Pascal compiler.
-
- Debit REIMBURSABLES (Expenses)
- Credit CASH (Asset)
-
- 2) You delivered the compiler to your client, and billed them.
-
- Debit ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE (Asset)
- Credit REIMBURSABLES (Expense)
-
- 3) They finally sent you a check for the compiler.
-
- Debit CASH (Asset)
- Credit ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE (Asset)
-
- j) You paid your credit card bill for this month.
-
- Debit ACCOUNTS PAYABLE (Liability)
- Debit CREDIT CARD FINANCE CHARGES (Expenses)
- Credit CASH (Asset)
-
- k) You buy a delivery van and need to record the sales tax.
-
- Debit EQUIPMENT (Asset)
- Debit SALES TAX PAID (Expense)
- Credit CASH (Asset)
-
-
- l) Three of your clients pay their bills, but you make one deposit.
-
- Debit CASH (Asset)
- Credit A/R CLIENT #1 (Asset)
- Credit A/R CLIENT #2 (Asset)
- Credit A/R CLIENT #3 (Asset)
-
- m) One of your creditors wins your IOU's from two other creditors in a
- poker game, but eventually forgives the entire debt!
-
- Debit IOU #3 (Liability)
- Credit IOU #1 (Liability)
-
- Debit IOU #2 (Liability)
- Credit IOU #1 (Liability)
-
- Debit IOU #1 (Liability)
- Credit POKER LOSSES (Expense)
-
- n) You win $74 betting on the ponies.
-
- Debit CASH (Asset)
- Credit DUMB LUCK (Revenue)
-
-
- o) You have to take back that Pascal compiler, the client doesn't want it.
-
- Debit RETURNS (Expense)
- Credit ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE (Asset)
-
- And so forth. Add your own reminders from here on. There are other Typical
- Transactions not mentioned here, such end-of-period adjusting entries,
- depreciation, Federal taxes, etc. You should consult YOUR OWN PROFESSIONAL
- ACCOUNTANT about these.
-
-